SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Distributed Computing Environment</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Distributed Computing Environment</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>The <b>Distributed Computing Environment</b> (<b>DCE</b>) is a <a href="Software_system" title="Software system">software system</a> developed in the early 1990s from the work of the <a href="Open_Software_Foundation" title="Open Software Foundation">Open Software Foundation</a> (OSF), a consortium founded in 1988 that included <a href="Apollo_Computer" title="Apollo Computer">Apollo Computer</a> (part of <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> from 1989), <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-JiaZhou2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JiaZhou2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SINHA1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SINHA1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DCE supplies a <a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">framework</a> and a toolkit for developing <a href="Client/server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client/server">client/server</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobsen2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework includes:

</p>

<ul><li>a <a href="Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> (RPC) mechanism<sup id="cite_ref-change_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <a href="DCE/RPC" title="DCE/RPC">DCE/RPC</a></li>

<li>a naming (<a href="Directory_service" title="Directory service">directory</a>) service<sup id="cite_ref-change_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>a time service<sup id="cite_ref-change_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>an <a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> service<sup id="cite_ref-change_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>a <a href="Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">distributed file system</a> (DFS)<sup id="cite_ref-change_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <a href="DCE_Distributed_File_System" title="DCE Distributed File System">DCE/DFS</a></li></ul>

<p>The DCE did not achieve commercial success.

</p><p>As of 1995, all major computer hardware vendors had an implementation of DCE, seen as an advantage compared to alternatives like <a href="CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">CORBA</a> which all had more limited support.<sup id="cite_ref-change_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>As part of the formation of OSF, various members contributed many of their ongoing research projects as well as their commercial products. For example, HP/Apollo contributed its Network Computing Environment (NCS) and CMA Threads products. Siemens Nixdorf contributed its X.500 server and ASN/1 compiler tools. At the time, network computing was quite popular, and many of the companies involved were working on similar <a href="Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">RPC</a>-based systems. By integrating security, RPC and other distributed services on a single distributed computing environment, OSF could offer a major advantage over SVR4, allowing any DCE-supporting system (namely OSF/1) to interoperate in a larger network.

</p><p>The DCE "request for technology" was issued by the OSF in 1989.

The first OSF DCE vendor product came out in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-change_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup>

</p><p>The DCE system was, to a large degree, based on independent developments made by each of the partners. <a href="DCE/RPC" title="DCE/RPC">DCE/RPC</a> was derived from the <i><a href="Network_Computing_System" title="Network Computing System">Network Computing System</a></i> (NCS) created at <a href="Apollo_Computer" title="Apollo Computer">Apollo Computer</a>. The naming service was derived from work done at Digital. DCE/DFS was based on the <a href="Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">Andrew File System</a> (AFS) originally developed at <a href="Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>. The authentication system was based on <a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a>. By combining these features, DCE offers a fairly complete system for network computing. Any machine on the network can authenticate its users, gain access to resources, and call them remotely using a single integrated <a href="Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Programming Interface">API</a>.

</p><p>The rise of the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="Web_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Web services">web services</a> stole much of DCE's <a href="Mindshare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindshare">mindshare</a> through the mid-to-late 1990s, and competing systems such as <a href="CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">CORBA</a> appeared as well.

</p><p>One of the major uses of DCE today is <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a> and <a href="ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a> systems, which use DCE/RPC (in <a href="MSRPC" class="mw-redirect" title="MSRPC">MSRPC</a>) as their network transport layer.

</p><p>OSF and its projects eventually became part of <a href="The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>, which released DCE 1.2.2 under a <a href="Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software license</a> (the <a href="GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">LGPL</a>) on 12 January 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>DCE 1.1 was available much earlier under the OSF BSD license, and resulted in <a href="FreeDCE" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeDCE">FreeDCE</a> being available since 2000. FreeDCE contains an implementation of DCOM.<sup id="cite_ref-advogato_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advogato-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One of the major systems built on top of DCE was <a href="Encina_(software)" title="Encina (software)">Encina</a>, developed by <a href="Transarc" title="Transarc">Transarc</a> (later acquired by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>). IBM used Encina as a foundation to port its primary mainframe transaction processing system (<a href="CICS" title="CICS">CICS</a>) to non-mainframe platforms, as <a href="IBM_TXSeries" title="IBM TXSeries">IBM TXSeries</a>. (However, later versions of TXSeries have removed the Encina component.)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

<p>DCE is intended to support <a href="High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> systems: when a server does not respond (because of server failure or communications failure), clients can be constructed to automatically use a replica of that server instead.<sup id="cite_ref-change_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup>

</p><p>The largest unit of management in DCE is a <i>cell</i>. The highest privileges within a cell are assigned to a role called <i>cell administrator</i>, normally assigned to the "user" <i>cell_admin</i>. Multiple cells can be configured to communicate and share resources with each other. All principals from external cells are treated as "foreign" users and privileges can be awarded or removed accordingly. In addition to this, specific users or groups can be assigned privileges on any DCE resource, something which is not possible with the traditional UNIX filesystem, which lacks ACL's.

</p><p>Major components of DCE within every cell are:

</p>

<ol><li>The Security Server that is responsible for authentication</li>

<li>The Cell Directory Server (CDS) that is the repository of resources and ACLs and</li>

<li>The Distributed Time Server that provides an accurate clock for proper functioning of the entire cell</li></ol>

<p>Modern DCE implementations such as IBM's are fully capable of interoperating with Kerberos as the security server, LDAP for the CDS and the <a href="Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">Network Time Protocol</a> implementations for the time server.

</p><p>DCE/DFS is a DCE-based application which provides a distributed filesystem on DCE. DCE/DFS can support replicas of a fileset (the DCE/DFS equivalent of a filesystem) on multiple DFS servers - there is one read-write copy and zero or more read only copies. Replication is supported between the read-write and the read-only copies. In addition, DCE/DFS also supports what are called "backup" filesets, which if defined for a fileset are capable of storing a version of the fileset as it was prior to the last replication.

</p><p>DCE/DFS is believed to be the world's only distributed filesystem that correctly implements the full POSIX filesystem semantics, including byte range locking.<sup id="cite_ref-advogato_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advogato-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>DCE/DFS was sufficiently reliable and stable to be utilised by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> to run the back-end filesystem for the 1996 <a href="Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics">Olympics</a> web site, seamlessly and automatically distributed and edited worldwide in different time zones.<sup id="cite_ref-advogato_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advogato-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFWeijia_JiaWanlei_Zhou2004" class="citation book cs1">Weijia Jia; Wanlei Zhou (15 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_pYyEgj0fX8C&pg=PA135"><i>Distributed Network Systems: From Concepts to Implementations</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 135. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-23839-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SINHA1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SINHA1998_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPRADEEP_K._SINHA1998" class="citation book cs1">PRADEEP K. SINHA (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SewHKWac2I4C&pg=PA35"><i>DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS: CONCEPTS AND DESIGN</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 35. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-203-1380-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jacobsen2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHans-Arno_Jacobsen2003" class="citation book cs1">Hans-Arno Jacobsen (30 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9W8QkfzD0VYC&pg=PA14"><i>Distributed Infrastructure Support for Electronic Commerce Applications</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 14. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4020-7648-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

J. Mansfield and J. Clothier.

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA307256.pdf">"Distributed Computing Environment: An Architecture for Supporting Change?"</a>.

1995.</span>

</li>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaps.com/DCE-open-source-announcement.html">"DCE Open Source Licensing"</a>.

2005.</span>

</li>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/119042/">"DCE to be released under the LGPL"</a>.

2005.</span>

</li>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628063652/http://www.advogato.org/article/817.html">"The Open Group releases DCE 1.2.2 as LGPL'd Free Software"</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/dce/">The Open Group's DCE Portal</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standards_by_The_Open_Group31" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Standards_by_The_Open_Group31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Standards by <a href="The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArchiMate" title="ArchiMate">ArchiMate</a></li>

<li><a href="Motif_(widget_toolkit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (widget toolkit)">Motif</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">SUS</a> (<a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>)</li>

<li><a href="The_Open_Group_Architecture_Framework" title="The Open Group Architecture Framework">TOGAF</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-04-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Distributed_Computing_Environment&oldid=1219526794">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>